martes, 16 de octubre de 2018

present pefect simple present perfect progressive

Form

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs
Example:
I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed
Example:
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked
form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
 
Example:
I / you / we / they have been speaking
he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' :
  • when the final letter is e, only add d
    Example:
    love - loved
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example:
    admit - admitted
  • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
    Example:
    travel - travelled
  • after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel)
    Example:
    worry - worried
    but: play - played
Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
  • silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
    Example: come - coming
    aber: agree - agreeing
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example: sit - sitting
  • after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English).
    Example: travel - travelling
  • final ie becomes y.
    Example: lie - lyin

    Use

    Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

    Result or duration?

    Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?
    Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
    Result (what / how much / how often)
    I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.
    Duration (how long)
    I have been writing for an hour.

    Certain verbs

    The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).
    • state: be, have (for possession only)
      Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
    • senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
      Example: He has touched the painting.
    • brain work: believe, know, think, understand
      Example: I have known him for 3 years.

    Emphasis on completion or duration?

    Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?
    Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
    Emphasis on completion
    I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)
    Emphasis on duration
    I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

    Result or side effect?

    Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?
    Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
    desired result
    I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
    unwanted side effect
    Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

    Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?

    In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?
    Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
    since the last time
    I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)
    since the beginning
    I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

    Permanent or temporary?

    If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.
    Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
    permanent
    James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)
    temporary
    James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

    Signal words

    Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
    • how often
    • ... times
    • how long
    • since
    • for
     

SIMPLE PAST


fUNCIONES DEL "SIMPLE PAST"

El "simple past" se utiliza para hablar de una acción que concluyó en un tiempo anterior al actual. La duración no es relevante. El tiempo en que se sitúa la acción puede ser el pasado reciente o un pasado lejano.
EJEMPLOS
  • John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
  • My father died last year.
  • He lived in Fiji in 1976.
  • We crossed the Channel yesterday.
Siempre se utiliza el "simple past" para referirse a cuándo ocurrió algo, de modo que va asociado a ciertas expresiones temporales que indican:
  • frecuencia: often, sometimes, always
    I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
    I often brought my lunch to school.
  • un tiempo determinado: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
    We saw a good film last week.
    Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
    She finished her work atseven o'clock
    I went to the theatre last night
  • un tiempo indeterminado: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in caves a long time ago.
  • She played the piano when she was a child.
Nota: el término ago es útil para expresar distancia temporal en el pasado. Se coloca después del periodo de tiempo de que se trate: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Cuidado: el "simple past" del inglés puede parecerse a un tiempo verbal de tu propio idioma y, sin embargo, su significado puede ser distinto.

FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PAST"

FORMACIÓN DEL "SIMPLE PAST" CON VERBOS REGULARES
Afirmativa
Sujeto+ raíz + ed 
Iskipped. 
Negativa
Sujeto+ did not+ infinitivo sin to
Theydidn'tgo.
Interrogativa
Did+ sujeto+ infinitivo sin to
Didshearrive?
Interrogativa negativa
Did not+ sujeto+ infinitivo sin to
Didn'tyouplay?
TO WALK
AfirmativaNegativaInterrogativa
I walkedI didn't walkDid I walk?
You walkedYou didn't walkDid you walk?
He walkedHe didn't walkDid he walk?
We walkedWe didn't walkDid we walk?
They walkedThey didn't walkDid they walk?
"SIMPLE PAST" DE LOS VERBOS TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO
SujetoVerbo
 BeHaveDo
Iwashaddid
Youwerehaddid
He/She/Itwashaddid
Wewerehaddid
Youwerehaddid
Theywerehaddid

NOTAS SOBRE LAS CONSTRUCCIONES AFIRMATIVA, NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA

AFIRMATIVA
La forma afirmativa del "simple past" es sencilla.
  • I was in Japan last year
  • She had a headache yesterday.
  • We did our homework last night.
NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA
Para las formas negativa e interrogativa del "simple past" del verbo "do" como verbo ordinario, se emplea como auxiliar "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
La forma negativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele construirse utilizando el auxiliar "do", aunque en ocasiones solo se añade not o la contracción "n't".
La forma interrogativa del verbo "have" en "simple past" suele emplear el auxiliar "do".
EJEMPLOS
  • They weren't in Rio last summer.
  • We didn't have any money.
  • We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
  • We didn't do our exercises this morning.
  • Were they in Iceland last January?
  • Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
  • Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Nota: para construir las formas negativa e interrogativa de todos los verbos en "simple past", se utiliza siempre el auxiliar 'did''.

"SIMPLE PAST": VERBOS IRREGULARES

Algunos verbos hacen el "simple past" de forma irregular. Estos son los más comunes.
TO GO
  • He went to a club last night.
  • Did he go to the cinema last night?
  • He didn't go to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
  • We gave her a doll for her birthday.
  • They didn't give John their new address.
  • Did Barry give you my passport?
TO COME
  • My parents came to visit me last July.
  • We didn't come because it was raining.
  • Did he come to your party last week?